Why I disagree with John Mayer

Date: 08/07/2011




This is a personal reflection about my work this summer and my last post on this blog. Please excuse the fluctuating volume; this is my first project of this sort. Thanks for following my blog this summer. I'm immensely grateful. Here's a text of the video:
                          
Me and all my friends
We're all misunderstood
They say we stand for nothing and
There's no way we ever could


Nowe we see everything that's going wrong
With the world and those who lead it
We just feel like we don't have the means
To rise above and beat it


So we keep waiting 
Waiting for the world to change
We keep on waiting
Waiting on the world to change


                              --John Mayer


After my experiences this summer, I find that I rather disagree with John Mayer. I just spent six weeks in India studying malnutrition and working with people who were sick because they were poor and poor because they were sick. The one thing that’s clear to me is this: the situation is urgent. Sitting around waiting for it to change will not work.


The bulk of my work this summer involved a case control study that looked at the link between cognition and malnutrition. I was rather surprised at my results and my mentor believes we have prima facie evidence that upholds our hypothesis. I cannot talk more about it here out of privacy, sensitivity, and scientific concerns. Apart from this work, I participated in community health screenings under the supervision of some young doctors from Christian Medical College. The camps were held in villages near Vellore. In three weeks, I met, examined, and spoke to around four hundred individuals. I heard hundreds of complaints about bodyaches and counselled hundreds on their nutritional intake. I also had the privilege of helping out dozens of kids with nutritional issues such as vitamin, calcium, and iron deficiencies by providing them with supplements, deworming tablets, and counseling their parents. There was tremendous satisfaction in the knowledge that such early interventions would have a large ripple effect.


However, my levity and optimism took a titanic blow when I used my newly acquired skill of cardiac auscultation to detect mitral regurgitation in a child and then found that he would probably not be able to afford the necessary treatment. The incident brought me face to face with the limited scope of my interventions. It wasn’t that it was bad. It simply wasn’t enough. We need to go beyond the biomedical level to the socio-economic and political level of medicine.


 Of course, any time I mentioned political fixes in India, I was met with a barrage of cynicism and disgruntlement with the political machinery of our country. “There’s no political will”, moans one. “These bloody politicians are all corrupt”, groans another. This isn’t a surprise considering the recent political storm about high level corruption in the Indian government.  I like to refute these tigerish outbursts by reminding these indignant folk that we don’t live under the tyrannical rule of a monarch. Votes are the lifeblood of politicians. As public intellectuals, we can agitate and spread awareness so that public health and health inequalities become serious voting issues. This needs to be done not only among the rich and educated but also among the poor and illiterate who are more susceptible to demagogues. Gemlyn George, one of the doctors I worked with this summer opines that Indian politicians don’t find working on public healthcare a lucrative source of votes because the pay-off is slow and is unlikely to benefit them politically in the near future. It’s time to make it worth their while to fix our healthcare nightmare.


One of the issues that is aching for a political remedy is that of the stigma and lack of awareness that plagues Leprosy patients in India. I visited the Schieffelin Leprosy Research & Training Centre near Vellore where I met many patients of Leprosy who quietly endured the deformities and disfigurements that their circumstances had brought onto them. I plan to write a lot about Leprosy and the specific ways in which it can be attacked politically and socio-economically, but I want to dwell here on the moment I shook the clawed hand of a Leprosy patient. It was a feeling of incredibly inadequacy. He had lost his position in society and the use of his hands. What had I lost in my life? The hair on my head? Romantic relationships? This man’s suffering was on a scale beyond my comprehension. I felt petty. 

Dr. Rama, my absolutely amazing mentor.

My Indian mentor Dr. Ramakrishna pointed out to me that I was witness to the fortitude of the human spirit even in the face of the adversities of poverty and disease. Despite their bereavements, and suffering, the people around me, including some Leprosy patients, smiled. The children frolicked and goaded me brattishly to take their pictures with my camera. I saw a rickety old grandmother dance with a little too much gusto in a shockingly orange sari in her grandchildren’s wedding. Our car got rather delayed one day due to the festive Aadi celebration in which seemingly the entire population of Vellore took to the roads. Life goes on, believe it or not, and not always in a dismal way. I will probably never understand the source of this resilience, but I shall always bow my head in reverence.


We are sitting on a dynamo of human capital that is slowly going to waste to due to stupid reasons. I particularly like analogizing our healthcare situation to a leaking tap. Like the drops of water lost, the loss of human capital does not seem huge at first. However, the drops and lives add up over time. Fixing these small leaks of human capital all over the world would be transformational. The world would change. As educated and relatively prosperous people of the world, we have the tools to do this! We have done so in the past, don’t be cynical about trying again. Most importantly, please don’t sit around waiting with your friends for the world to change. It won’t until you change it. 

A brown sahib in a bus

Date: 07/19/2011

The bus starts out empty.

“Pranay, like it or not, you will be a gringo in India.” Dr. Guerrant warned me as I got ready to fly to India, my own country. Gringo is the picturesque Latin American term for foreigners. Personally, I had felt slightly outraged. I am, after all, a passport carrying citizen of India! Born in humid Kolkata and raised in the dry heat of New Delhi, I did not consider myself a brown sahib, a term reserved for the educated Indians who served the British raj in India. Brown sahibs were often more English than the English.

I was still bristling at Dr. Guerrant’s warning when I boarded the bus this morning. After tossing three well-worn one rupee coins to the conductor, I curled myself into a window seat. I say curled because it is impossible for anyone taller than 5 feet to sit in those seats without an impromptou display of contortionism. Reading on the bus is physically impossible-- the customary jerks are colossal enough to rearrange your visceral organs. If this were not enough, the imaginative interpretation of traffic laws by most bus drivers is sufficient to reacquaint any traveling atheists with the deities they staunchly deny.  I have learned my lesson and now just sit and commune with my fellow Indians quietly.

And ends up looking like this.

Five minutes into my jangly bus ride, I saw a lady, in a gorgeous saffron sari who was squatting behind a small bush. She was defecating. Seeing the bus approach, she made a few perfunctory moves to conceal herself, but she knew as well as I that it was futile. I averted my gaze to give her some privacy. Though I had seen similar sights hundreds of times before, it shook me up in a way that the bus could not. I was struck by the thought that my India was so different than hers.

“India’s economy will soon overtake China’s,” is the proud boast of a vocal minority in India, a minority I regrettably belong to. Indians like me suddenly have the capacity to patronize brands such as Bvlgari and BMW. You know you’ve been left out of the prosperity party when you cower behind bushes as you carry out you basic bodily functions, clutching at the last vestiges of your dignity. This is the case for 638 million people in India. That’s twice the population of the United States.

Two schoolgirls were sitting in the sear in front of me. They were attired in white shirts and navy blue skirts. I got occasional whiffs of coconut oil from their well-oiled braids secured with ribbons that matched their skirts. The braids oscillated in phase with the stochastic shudders of the bus. A wave of nostalgia gripped me as I heard them chanting the preamble to the Indian constitution, a feat every good middle-schooler in India is expected to master:

What do I have in common with these men?

We, the people of India, having solemnly resolved… to secure to all its citizens:

Justice, social, economic and political;

Liberty, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

Equality of status and of opportunity;

and to promote among them all

Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation

I couldn’t help but wonder: if Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity are the lifeblood of modern democracies, is India, with its extreme inequalities, truly a democracy? If we, wealthy and educated Indians spout clichés, act fashionably desensitized to the poverty in our faces, and allow the creation of a permanent economic underclass, won’t our democratic claims ring unforgivably hollow? Won’t history judge us harshly for this denigration of our fellow humans?

 “Doctor sahib, can you help me?”

My reverie was suddenly broken by my young co-passenger who had had spotted my stethoscope. I clarified that I was a lowly med student, but agreed to look at a leg wound that he wanted to show me. The wound looked dirty and was crusted with some dried exudate. A fly promptly buzzed in and began probing the injured area. I swatted the fly away with my hand and suggested some simple wound care and tetanus prophylaxis to the lad.

Often Indians communicate more by jiggling their heads than they do through their words. There is the ready sideways head-jiggle of the Indian who is on the same page as you and then there is the slow, tenuous cranial swaying of the Indian who is mystified, but too proud to admit it. From the amplitude and frequency of the boy’s head, I could tell that my vocabulary and accent were impenetrable for him. My English is inspired by Oscar Wilde. His was inspired by necessity. I broke into Tamlish (a hybrid of Tamil and English) and descriptive gestures to communicate with him.

We need the optimism and perseverance of this man. He knows the street will be dirty within hours and yet he sweeps undaunted.

As I clumsily counseled the boy with broken words and jerky gestures, I felt a sickening twinge: I truly was a wretched brown sahib, a gringo. Dr. Guerrant was right. I spoke, essentially, a different language. As is the case with visiting Americans, the rupee had a completely different meaning for me-- the 3 rupees I had paid thoughtlessly to the conductor are almost 10% of the daily earnings of millions of Indians who subsist on 99 cents a day. My parents, both Doctors, kept saved me from debilitating malnutrition and paid for expensive athletic abilities. No wonder I look physically distinct from the emaciated poor who comprise the bulk of India’s population. In that moment, I resented and despised everything from my expensive education to my posh-sounding accent. They were exposed as the products of inequalities deeply ingrained in Indian society, the same inequalities I vehemently decry. I felt like I had somehow swindled the man next to me.

If you want to meet an optimist in India, shake hands with a traffic policeman. They deal with chaos beyond imagination.

There is, however, a glimmer of hope. My brain is unimpaired by malnutrition. My education hasn’t been discontinued at an early age due to lack of funds. My body is not crippled by preventable diseases. I have the capacity to advocate for my voiceless Indian brothers and sisters. I owe my country and my fellow citizens at least this much. This will be my atonement.

The progress made so far has been at the pace of a bullock-cart. This is simply unsustainable. We, the privileged children of India, can hasten the process of change.

A muted sort of triumph

Date: 07/18/2011

I wish I could have done more

We were only two thirds through the camp and I had already seen over a hundred patients. Kartik and Gemlyn, my fellow medical officers, had seen even more and they had been keeping an eye on me the whole time. It isn’t as herculean as it sounds, really. In most cases, we just do some TLC for people with a motley collection of aches and complaints. We put them on calcium, iron, and multivitamins. Treat their heartburn with H2 blockers, deworm children, treat symptoms of cough and cold, provide antibiotics, antipyretics, and painkillers to the needy, check their hearts and lungs, counsel them on health-related matter, make referrals for ophthalmic, dermatological, and neurological conditions when we're out of our depth, etc. Some people just need to be able to chat for a few minutes with a guy armed with a stethoscope. People really just use us as a one-stop shop. I had a boy come to me with complaints of shortness of breath. Taking a history revealed that he sighed deeply from time to time and his mother freaked out about it. I probably shouldn't have burst out laughing- bad manners. Still, I don’t resent it. India has 70,000 doctors to care for her 1.2 billion citizens. With this insufficient ratio, It’s little wonder why people hoard up their problems-- big and small-- and bring them to community screenings like ours. We see a very wide range of medical problems in our camps in terms of severity.

Yesterday I saw a woman who had lost the use of her left hand after she got a serious electric shock. The hand was a claw. I suspected an issue with the ulnar and the median nerves, but couldn’t do anything. I also met a man whose body was paralysed on the right side. His steppage gait and asymmetric smile gave it away immediately, but there was nothing I could do about it. A wrinkled old lady with only one eye hobbled up to me with a cane next and complained of joint pain. I provided her calcium supplements for her bones, iron, B12, and folate tablets to correct her deficiency, and turpentine ointment for her joints, but-- basically-- I couldn’t do anything substantial for her. Kartik, Gemlyn, and I know that this is not simply not enough. Perhaps this is why we call ourselves “Quacks R Us” or “Two and half quacks”.

We can't blind ourselves to the horror of the health situation.

Soon after the lady limped away with her creaky cane and even creakier joints, a mother approached me with her son and daughter. Over the past three weeks, I’ve learned to quickly scan my patients for a few obvious pathologies. Here’s what I remember thinking in the 5-10 seconds they took to walk over:

Young woman. Looks a bit weary, though. Has the expressions of an older woman. Two children: boy and girl. Girl looks healthier than boy. Mother doesn’t have a patient form. The children do, though. The worry might be because of the health of children. The boy’s shirt is bulging just a tad. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)? Make sure to check. What about the daughter? Anemia? Vitamin deficiency? General Malaise? Naah. Looks good. Let’s look at the boy. Looks a bit tenuous. How old is he? 9? 10? He’s walking a little bit awkwardly and unsurely. Is that just me? Am I scaring him?

I put on my warmest smile for the mother and the children to allay their fears. The boy was indeed tiny. I’m known to have a short torso and I still towered over him even when I was sitting down. The kid was actually 13 yeas old! Clearly, he was the victim of grave malnutrition. The mother complained that he had a weak heart. Having heard the same complaint from a couple of different mothers earlier that morning, I have to admit, I sighed silently and took off my stethoscope somewhat perfunctorily. I had to check for the kid’s PEM anyway so I unbuttoned his shirt. As expected, the PEM was there. Shobana, my translator and a dietician, began counseling the mother on the kid’s nutrition as I visually approximated the location of the the apex of his heart. I found it, placed my steth’s diaphragm on it, and closed my eyes to block out the other stimuli.

Does he look 13 to you? Note the distended belly characteristic of PEM.

Lub..swoosh...dup
Lub..swoosh...dup
Lub..swoosh...dup

My eyes opened wide with shock. It couldn’t be! I moved my steth systematically from the apex to the left of the manubrium sterni then up to the region under the clavicle and then back near the sternum at the second intercostal. To confirm the diagnosis, I checked for the sound in his left axilla. It was there. I had only heard this sound once before. I spun in my seat and decided to consult Kartik, a fount of all medical knowledge: “Kartik...pansystolic murmur...present in axilla...could be MR...please confirm.”

Kartik auscultated the boy and confirmed my suspicions in a minute: “It’s either Mitral Regurgitation (MR) or Ventricular Septum Defect. Tricky. You can feel good about it. Nice catch.” Considering, I had basically picked up rudimentary auscultation by reading in my spare time and with the help of some impromptu tutorials from my father over the phone and a Tanzanian doctor in my bungalow, I glowed with pride. Then, putting aside the glow for later enjoyment, I asked the pragmatic question: “So, what do we do?”

Kartik: What can we do?
Me: Refer to cards?
Kartik: I’m not sure if he’ll meet the requirements for free surgery.

And there we were. The familiar feeling of utter and complete helplessness darkened any remaining glow from a few minutes ago. Judging from his ripped shirt and malnourished frame, it was pretty clear that there was no way this kid’s parents could afford a valve repair or replacement. I hate not being able to do anything for the people who come and see me with hope in their eyes! For instance, I see 60 year olds with classic signs of radiculopathy and have to tell them that there’s nothing I can do for their pain. If they're 30-40, I can refer them to the orthopedics department, but 60 is considered so old that the number of DALYs saved do not justify the cost of the surgery. If these poor people persist, I have to send them off with calcium tablets. I sometimes worry that doing so might shake their faith in doctors and drive them to quacks and witch-doctors that lurk the countryside, preying on those neglected or disillusioned by India’s healthcare system.

 It's not like I think we do more bad than good. We've been able to help an enormous number of patients and catch some tricky diagnoses early. For instance, I caught a breast lump and a nasal cancer in two women yesterday and urged them to get them checked out before they grew any more. I suppose my frustration is just that I am not convinced that the work I am doing in my current capacity is bringing us very close to the utopic future people in global health envision and long for.

They're waiting to get the healthcare they deserve. We can't fool them. We can't cheat them. Not anymore.

Ultimately, we directed the child’s mother to the paediatrics department at CMC where we figured at least his PEM would be treated. We think there may be a chance that his heart problem will be attended to given his young age and CMC’s charitable mission. Thank god, for Christian charity! However, I have never ever been good with uncertainty and the very real possibility that that poor child will be left untreated for petty financial reasons bothers me and makes me smile wryly when anyone tells me I’m doing good work in India. I love diagnosing patients. I love being right. But what’s the point of it if treatment and resolution don't follow?

Cast of characters part 1

Date: 5/27/2011

Dr. Guerrant and I

I thought it important to introduce the cast of characters on this side of the Atlantic. First comes the man who sparked my interest in the connection between malnutrition and cognitive development: Dr. Richard Guerrant. It was his pioneering work in Brazil that first aroused my interest in studying this topic in Indian populations. Dr. Guerrant has been a frequent victim of my angsty ravings about how little some people are affected by the horrors of childhood malnutrition and health disparities in impoverished regions of our world. He has attempted (and mostly succeeded) to calm me down about this .

Another person who has greatly guided me and shown a lot of patience with me is Dr. Rebecca Dilllingham (pictured below). If I can ever develop a bedside manner half as warm as hers, I'll consider myself a very lucky man.

Dr. Dillingham in her office at UVA

The grant that made this possible was given to me by the Center for Global Health at the University of Virginia where I am enrolled in the school of medicine.

This is the brand new medical education building at the University of Virginia.

Last, but not least is April Ballard who guided me through the tortuous rigmarole of the grant application process and helped me get the grant despite my discreditable adoption of Douglas Adams's attitude towards deadlines: "I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as they fly by." She refused to let me photograph her, but I'm going to do my best to convince her in the coming weeks.

The story begins

Date: 5/20/2011

This photo of an Indian sage with a duffel bag waiting for a bus was taken in Jangpura, New Delhi in Summer 2010. I was taking a relaxing break before beginning med school.

I'll keep things brief here. I am an Indian medical student at UVA and just won a research grant to go and study malnutrition's impact on cognition at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. This means much more than a free trip home for me. It's my first real step in the world of global health policy after an academic career devoted to basic science research. Considering, I hope to have an impact on the health care policy of underdeveloped regions of India and other developing countries, this is a very big step for me.

I'm really excited and hope to document the experience comprehensively out here. Sometimes, I might post things before I have fully processed stuff in my head. Please excuse me.


Om Ganeshaye Namah.

Vande Matram!